Three Quantum Particles Hardy Entanglement from the Topology of Cantorian-Fractal Spacetime and the Casimir Effect as Dark Energy – A Great Opportunity for Nanotechnology
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
1-5
Received:
9 January 2015
Accepted:
28 January 2015
Published:
6 February 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.nano.20150301.11
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Views:
Abstract: The present work brings together three different fields which depend crucially upon nano hardware under the umbrella of E-infinity theoretical framework. We start by following E-infinity topological methodology by dividing Hardy’s entanglement into two parts, a global ‘counterfactual’ part given by Φ3 where Φ = 2/(1+ √5) and a ‘local’ part Φn where n is the number of quantum particles. For Hardy’s celebrated gedankenexperiment with two quantum particles, which was moreover experimentally confirmed with high accuracy, the quantum probability is found for n = 2 to be P(2) (Hardy) = Φ3+2= Φ5 exactly as calculated by Hardy using orthodox quantum mechanics. Applying the same topological E-infinity entanglement theory to three quantum particles give a maximal Φ6 as well as a three partite much smaller value equal Φ3(1− Φ3)/ = 0.018033989. We conclude by outlining the relevant and extremely timely ideas and remarks on the possible connection, via a state of the art nanotechnology, to the Casimir effect as a conjectured origin of dark energy.
Abstract: The present work brings together three different fields which depend crucially upon nano hardware under the umbrella of E-infinity theoretical framework. We start by following E-infinity topological methodology by dividing Hardy’s entanglement into two parts, a global ‘counterfactual’ part given by Φ3 where Φ = 2/(1+ √5) and a ‘local’ part Φn where...
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The Studing of Silver Nanoparticle Effect on the Copper Bioleaching Output from Low Grade Sulfidic Ores
Jamshid Raheb,
Sorur SHaroknyan,
Fatemeh Nazari,
Yasin Rakhshany
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
6-11
Received:
26 January 2015
Accepted:
8 February 2015
Published:
28 February 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.nano.20150301.12
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: The extraction of metals from ores causes various environmental pollutions. Since Iran is located on the so-called ‘copper belt’ and holds a significant share of the world’s copper mines and resources, reduction of pollution from these mines can have an important effect on the overall reduction of pollution. Copper processing methods include pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy. Pyrometallurgy is mainly used in high grade mines whereas hydrometallurgy process is used in lower grade mines. In low grade copper sulfide mines, hydrometallurgy processes are used which use a lot of energy to covert mineral deposits into oxide forms which are then leached using sulfuric acid, or are extracted using bioleaching process. In acidic leaching, a lot of environmental pollution is created. Bioleaching process is an environmentally-friendly method which is mainly used in mines where the common physicochemical methods are not profitable. In this study, we have tried to increase the efficiency of bioleaching process by adding silver nanoparticle in order to increase the popularity of this method. For this purpose, initially the indigenous bacteria were separated from the ores and after adoption to silver, the bacteria were used in bioleaching tests. Three concentrations of silver component were used for the bioleaching tests. The results were compared to cases where no bacteria and no silver compounds were used, which showed significant increase in copper extraction efficiency. In the next step, the optimum concentration of silver was used in the percolation column. In this stage, four columns were set up for ‘with bacteria and silver’, ‘with silver’, ‘with bacteria’ and ‘without bacteria and silver’. Results show that the column with bacteria and silver produced the highest efficiency of copper extraction.
Abstract: The extraction of metals from ores causes various environmental pollutions. Since Iran is located on the so-called ‘copper belt’ and holds a significant share of the world’s copper mines and resources, reduction of pollution from these mines can have an important effect on the overall reduction of pollution. Copper processing methods include pyrome...
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